hai all...WHY EVERY ONE IS DIFFERENT?...WHY WE HAVE ACCEPT PEOPLE 'AS THEY ARE', THE WAY WE EXPECT OTHERS TO ACCEPT US 'AS WE ARE'?
We keep observing others consciously and unconsciously all the time. People differ from one another widely and wildly. Why?...No two persons are alike. Why?...At the same time people have certain common traits or characteristics. Why?...What are the sources of such individual differences?...or commonality?...to what extent they differ?...to what extent they are common?...Is it possible to predict how an individual may behave in certain defined situation based on certain theoretical assumption?...How far the specific source of personality differences are stable?...are they long enduring?...or transient?...why people are unique?...can you make wild guesses on these questions?.
Psychologists have followed different paths to find answers for these questions.
Evolutionary psychologists say that different human beings ‘adapt to the environment in different ways’. They follow different strategies. This is the reason for difference in individual differences. So, as per them, “alternative adoptive strategies followed by human individuals belonging to the animal kingdom” is the reason for differences.
Some say that ‘genetic inheritance’…i.e the complex interplay of the genetic components and the environmental influences is the reason for the differences.
When we view the human beings as one extending from lower species then ‘biological under pinnings of temperament and complex behaviour’ emerges as the reason for the differences.
Some say that psychodynamic factors such as ‘unconscious mind’ is the reason. They say that instinctive drives and forces and developmental experiences shape one’s personality. Sigmund Freud says that the unconscious determines the thinking, willing and feeling of the individuals. He stresses that internal psychological processes are of primary importance for explaining the nature of the individual. Early child hood experiences have greater impact on one’s personality. Unconscious motivation contributes to various psychological phenomena. Rationality and morality sustain our ego and super ego. Individuals resort to defense mechanism to foster their ego. Even the ‘conscious’ experience and its interaction with the ‘unconscious’ matters. Social factors play a significant role in development of an individual.
Social cognitive theorists say that ‘socialisation and the effect of cognitive processes’ are the reason for the differences.
Freud, in his classical psychoanalytic theory says ‘human behaviour is determined by the unconscious’. According to him the structure of personality includes (a) conscious (b) preconscious (c) unconscious.
What one is presently aware of constitutes the conscious. Consciousness is riveted by our focus on what is happening at the current immediate moment, ‘here and now’.
In preconscious state we are not aware of certain facts related to our past experiences. But they are available for recall.
Unconscious refers to a state where the facts related to experience, especially emotional experience may not be felt at the ‘present’ moment. It can be voluntarily recalled by the individual. This material remains dormant and remains buried underneath in the mind.
Unconscious usually consists of the traumatic childhood experiences and tabooed sexual desires. The material hidden in the unconscious could hardly be retrieved by the awakened state of awareness. But the influence of the unconscious is felt in all aspects of behaviour.
According to Freud, mind is like an iceberg merged in water with 90% inside and 10% visible outside. Majority of our emotional experiences are buried under the unconscious and what we see as behaviour outside is only but a small portion of the mental structure.
What is personality structure?
I generally refer to this saying ‘every human being has three organisms inside. They are alert and functioning all the time inside us. When I say ‘I am rams’, I refer to the ‘combination of all these three organisms’.
Freud describes it as ‘three partite structure of the human personality’.
The names of the three organisms inside us are named as follows:-
(a) Id (pronounced as ‘yid’)
(b) The Ego
(c) The Super ego
Id is the most important organism, as most of our behaviours are due to this. The most disturbing, basic, fundamental, essential and dangerous organism. It is there from birth to death. There is no human being without this organism. If this is not there, we cannot be alive. It is responsible for all the scandals, rapes, thefts, scams and all the bad things and negativities of life that we read in the newspapers or watch in TV channels!!!
Does a new born infant has anything called its personality?...yes…it has!
At the time of birth, the personality of the infant remains to be an embodiment of id.
Therefore, id is the original system of personality. In the course of development or growth of the infant, it is differentiated into the ego and the super ego.
The id is occupied by a mass of ‘blind instincts’…the basic fundamental instincts of life!...thirst, hunger, to breath, sexual or reproductive urge, identifying dangers and protecting from them etc.
There is no logical organization of these instincts and impulses in the id. Therefore, instincts that contradict one another may simultaneously be present in the id. No sense of time prevails in the id…e.g we feel hungry or sexual needs any time.
Impulses already present in the id and also the new impulses (e.g tabooed sexual desires) repressed and sent to be hidden in the unconscious can remain unaltered for indefinite period in the id. That is how repressed traumatic experiences of childhood tend to persist and persevere in the adulthood and later.
Id is essentially ‘amoral’ in its character. It has no sense of values and cannot discriminate the good from the evil. It adheres to only ‘pleasure’ principle. It’s only concern is to release tension instantly and relegate the organism to a comfort zone involving constant and low level or energy.
Id is not oriented to reality. Id always tries to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.
In psychoanalysis we use a term called ‘primary process’. It refers to id’s approach towards wish fulfilment by avoiding pain and gain pleasure. It is an illusory process. It constitutes an hallucinatory form of experience in which ‘desired object’ is present in the form of memory image of the desired one. Nocturnal dreams represent fulfilment or attempted fulfilment of a wish.
The id processes remain entirely unconscious. The processes are inferred by analyzing the manifestation of the processes in the dreams, free associations, and neurotic and psychotic formation. These phenomena are called ‘instinct derivatives’.
Several primitive instincts are associated with the id. However, sexual and aggressive instincts receive special premium.
This id has a big problem!!...its problem is by itself it is not capable of reducing the tension. For e.g a hunger experience by a person cannot be satiated by images of food and the tension cannot be relieved by such form of wish fulfilment. If id is not safeguarded and is left to its own strategies it might annihilate itself.
rams
We keep observing others consciously and unconsciously all the time. People differ from one another widely and wildly. Why?...No two persons are alike. Why?...At the same time people have certain common traits or characteristics. Why?...What are the sources of such individual differences?...or commonality?...to what extent they differ?...to what extent they are common?...Is it possible to predict how an individual may behave in certain defined situation based on certain theoretical assumption?...How far the specific source of personality differences are stable?...are they long enduring?...or transient?...why people are unique?...can you make wild guesses on these questions?.
Psychologists have followed different paths to find answers for these questions.
Evolutionary psychologists say that different human beings ‘adapt to the environment in different ways’. They follow different strategies. This is the reason for difference in individual differences. So, as per them, “alternative adoptive strategies followed by human individuals belonging to the animal kingdom” is the reason for differences.
Some say that ‘genetic inheritance’…i.e the complex interplay of the genetic components and the environmental influences is the reason for the differences.
When we view the human beings as one extending from lower species then ‘biological under pinnings of temperament and complex behaviour’ emerges as the reason for the differences.
Some say that psychodynamic factors such as ‘unconscious mind’ is the reason. They say that instinctive drives and forces and developmental experiences shape one’s personality. Sigmund Freud says that the unconscious determines the thinking, willing and feeling of the individuals. He stresses that internal psychological processes are of primary importance for explaining the nature of the individual. Early child hood experiences have greater impact on one’s personality. Unconscious motivation contributes to various psychological phenomena. Rationality and morality sustain our ego and super ego. Individuals resort to defense mechanism to foster their ego. Even the ‘conscious’ experience and its interaction with the ‘unconscious’ matters. Social factors play a significant role in development of an individual.
Social cognitive theorists say that ‘socialisation and the effect of cognitive processes’ are the reason for the differences.
Freud, in his classical psychoanalytic theory says ‘human behaviour is determined by the unconscious’. According to him the structure of personality includes (a) conscious (b) preconscious (c) unconscious.
What one is presently aware of constitutes the conscious. Consciousness is riveted by our focus on what is happening at the current immediate moment, ‘here and now’.
In preconscious state we are not aware of certain facts related to our past experiences. But they are available for recall.
Unconscious refers to a state where the facts related to experience, especially emotional experience may not be felt at the ‘present’ moment. It can be voluntarily recalled by the individual. This material remains dormant and remains buried underneath in the mind.
Unconscious usually consists of the traumatic childhood experiences and tabooed sexual desires. The material hidden in the unconscious could hardly be retrieved by the awakened state of awareness. But the influence of the unconscious is felt in all aspects of behaviour.
According to Freud, mind is like an iceberg merged in water with 90% inside and 10% visible outside. Majority of our emotional experiences are buried under the unconscious and what we see as behaviour outside is only but a small portion of the mental structure.
What is personality structure?
I generally refer to this saying ‘every human being has three organisms inside. They are alert and functioning all the time inside us. When I say ‘I am rams’, I refer to the ‘combination of all these three organisms’.
Freud describes it as ‘three partite structure of the human personality’.
The names of the three organisms inside us are named as follows:-
(a) Id (pronounced as ‘yid’)
(b) The Ego
(c) The Super ego
Id is the most important organism, as most of our behaviours are due to this. The most disturbing, basic, fundamental, essential and dangerous organism. It is there from birth to death. There is no human being without this organism. If this is not there, we cannot be alive. It is responsible for all the scandals, rapes, thefts, scams and all the bad things and negativities of life that we read in the newspapers or watch in TV channels!!!
Does a new born infant has anything called its personality?...yes…it has!
At the time of birth, the personality of the infant remains to be an embodiment of id.
Therefore, id is the original system of personality. In the course of development or growth of the infant, it is differentiated into the ego and the super ego.
The id is occupied by a mass of ‘blind instincts’…the basic fundamental instincts of life!...thirst, hunger, to breath, sexual or reproductive urge, identifying dangers and protecting from them etc.
There is no logical organization of these instincts and impulses in the id. Therefore, instincts that contradict one another may simultaneously be present in the id. No sense of time prevails in the id…e.g we feel hungry or sexual needs any time.
Impulses already present in the id and also the new impulses (e.g tabooed sexual desires) repressed and sent to be hidden in the unconscious can remain unaltered for indefinite period in the id. That is how repressed traumatic experiences of childhood tend to persist and persevere in the adulthood and later.
Id is essentially ‘amoral’ in its character. It has no sense of values and cannot discriminate the good from the evil. It adheres to only ‘pleasure’ principle. It’s only concern is to release tension instantly and relegate the organism to a comfort zone involving constant and low level or energy.
Id is not oriented to reality. Id always tries to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.
In psychoanalysis we use a term called ‘primary process’. It refers to id’s approach towards wish fulfilment by avoiding pain and gain pleasure. It is an illusory process. It constitutes an hallucinatory form of experience in which ‘desired object’ is present in the form of memory image of the desired one. Nocturnal dreams represent fulfilment or attempted fulfilment of a wish.
The id processes remain entirely unconscious. The processes are inferred by analyzing the manifestation of the processes in the dreams, free associations, and neurotic and psychotic formation. These phenomena are called ‘instinct derivatives’.
Several primitive instincts are associated with the id. However, sexual and aggressive instincts receive special premium.
This id has a big problem!!...its problem is by itself it is not capable of reducing the tension. For e.g a hunger experience by a person cannot be satiated by images of food and the tension cannot be relieved by such form of wish fulfilment. If id is not safeguarded and is left to its own strategies it might annihilate itself.
rams
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