Hai friends…
two informations....
one
of my relative wanted to pursue MTech by correspondence....when i
searched google i came to know that Devi Ahalya University vishwa
vidhyalaya at Indore offers MTech by corres in Energy
Management....check school of energy and environmental studies...
all
of us have children in the early or late child hood or teen
stage....due to their 'independency' seeking behaviour and 'peer group
acceptance'
behaviour...i.e he wants to leave the home and make his own life in
society....and we feeling that they are not capable for
this....conflicts
occur....to manage the behaviours of these children you can read the
book 'FROM DIAPERS TO DATING' by Debra W Haffner....Magna Publishing co
ltd (book division) , magna house, 100/E, old prabhadevi road,
prabhadevi, mumbai - 25 Ph 4374252 and 4362270...price is Rs
175/-.......email id is magnapub@vsnl.com.....
now let us come back to personality disorders….a small recap of what is personality disorder….the entire stuff in ( ) is an old one as recap….if you remember then jump to ‘jump here’
line….after six paras…..today we will
see the difficulty in diagnosing personality disorders and various
categories of personality disorders and their characteristics……now read
or jump….I have also attached some power point presentations on
Personality types, theories etc...you can see them and get
benefitted....this mail has para headings...so you can select and
read...
( Ideally people continue to grow and change throughout their life.
Successful adjustment through the life cycle is mostly a matter of flexibility
adapting to the changing demands, opportunities and limitations associated
with different ages of life. For most of us, our personality is attained to the
demands of society. But for some individuals, personality formation has led to
some traits that are so inflexible and maladaptive that they are unable to
perform adequately at least some of the varied roles expected of them by their
societies. These people might be diagnosed as having personality disorders.
It
is clear from the above that this does not have to do anything with the
physical aspects of the brain. So, such people need not take any
medication….so, they need not go to the psychiatrist! They only need
behaviour correction for which they need to go to psychology counselor.
He will use certain techniques of correcting them. If you have multiple
issues it is better to address one issue at a time. You need to go with
lots of preparation so that you can be corrected easily. The counselor
will only apply the technique and you need to follow it meticulously.
Personality disorders typically do not stem from debilitating reactions to
stress, as in post-traumatic stress disorder or many cases of major depression.
Rather, the disorders to be examined here stem largely from the gradual
development of inflexible and distorted personality and behavioral patterns,
which result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about,
and relating to the world. These maladaptive approaches usually significantly
impair at least some aspects of functioning and in some cases cause a good
deal of subjective distress.
In
the milder cases we find people who generally function adequately but
who would be described by their relatives, friends, or associates as
troublesome, eccentric, or difficult to get to know. They have
characteristic ways of approaching situations and people mat
make them either have difficulties developing close relationships with others, or
have difficulties getting along with those with whom they have close
relationships. However, they are often quite capable or even gifted in some
ways. In more severe cases, we find people whose extreme and often unethical
‘acting out’ against society makes them less able to function in a normal
setting;
People with personality disorders often cause at least as much difficulty
in the lives of others as in their own lives. Other people tend to find the
behavior of individuals with personality disorders confusing, exasperating, unpredictable,
and, in varying degrees, unacceptable—although rarely as bizarre
or out of contact with reality as that of people with psychotic disorders. Some
people with personality disorders experience a good deal of emotional suffering,
although others do not, at least not obviously. Their behavioral deviations are
persistent and seem to be intrinsic to their personalities. They have difficulty
taking part in mutually respectful and satisfying social relationships. Whatever
the particular trait patterns affected individuals have developed (obstinacy,
covert hostility, suspiciousness, or fear of rejection.
More recently, however, environmental and social factors, particularly
learning-based habit patterns and maladaptive cognitive styles, have also been
receiving more attention as possible causal factors. Many of these maladaptive
habits and cognitive styles may originate in disturbed parent-child attachment
relationships, rather than deriving simply fr temperamental differences. Early
attachment relationships are thought by developmental psychologists to create
models for children of what adult relationships should be like. If early models
are not healthy, this r predispose the child to a pattern of personality
development that can lead to the diagnosis of personality disorder later in life. )
jump here….
Scientists
have studied the personality traits of individuals that cause friction
in interpersonal relationships and grouped them based on the illnesses
they cause. It is very difficult to categorize an individual in a
particular category for treatment as he will possess some traits of one
category and some of the other category. Therefore, the diagnosis is
difficult because the criteria for personality disorders are defined by
inferred traits or consistent patterns of behavior rather than by objective
behavioral standards.
The Type A and Type B personality theory is a personality type theory that describes a pattern of behaviors that are considered to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Type A individuals can be described as impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly competitive, over-ambitious, business-like, hostile, aggressive, incapable of relaxation in taking the smallest issues too seriously; and are somewhat disliked for the way that they're always rushing and demanding other people to serve to their standards of satisfaction. They are often high and over-achieving workaholics who multi-task, drive themselves with deadlines, and are unhappy about the smallest of delays. Because of these characteristics, Type A individuals are often described as "stress junkies." Type B individuals, in contrast, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going. There is also a Type AB mixed profile for people who cannot be clearly categorized.
Meyer Friedman suggests that Type A behavior is expressed in three major symptoms. One of these symptoms is believed to be covert and therefore less observable, whereas the other two are more overt.
Symptoms of Type A Behavior
1. An intrinsic insecurity or insufficient level of self-esteem, which is considered to be the root cause of the syndrome. This is believed to be covert and therefore less observable.
2. Time urgency and impatience, which causes irritation and exasperation.
3. Free floating hostility, which can be triggered by even minor incidents.
Assessment
Type A personality was originally assessed by a 15 minute, structured interview that examined both verbal and nonverbal behavior. This time-consuming method has been largely replaced by the Jenkins activity survey, a paper-and-pencil questionnaire first published in 1979. Some researchers have suggested that the questionnaire lacks the validity of the structured interview because it cannot assess nonverbal behavior, which is a strong indicator of the Type A personality.
Health implications
After a nine-year study of over 3000 healthy men, aged 35-59, Friedman & Rosenman estimated that Type A behavior doubles the risk of coronary heart disease in otherwise healthy individuals. This research had an enormous effect in stimulating the development of the field of health psychology, in which psychologists look at how a person's mental state affects his or her physical health.
Type A personality test
In case you want to know how much of personality type A you have then type Type A personality test in google and you can do it.
Physical Characteristics:
The following physical characteristics often accompany TAB:
* Facial Tension (Tight Lips, Clenched Jaw, Etc.)
* Tongue Clicking or Teeth Grinding
* Dark Circles Under Eyes
* Facial Sweating (On Forehead or Upper Lip)
Negative Effects of Type A Behavior:
Over the years, the type of extra stress that most “Type A” people experience takes a toll on one’s health and lifestyle. The following are some of the negative effects that are common among those exhibiting TAB:
* Hyptertension: High blood pressure is common among “Type A” personalities, and has been to be as much as 84% more of a risk among those with Type A characteristics..
* Heart Disease: Some experts predict that, for those exhibiting TAB, heart disease by age 65 is a virtual certainty.
* Job Stress: “Type A” people usually find themselves in stressful, demanding jobs (and sometimes the jobs create the Type A behavior!), which lead to metabolic syndrome and other health problems.
* Social Isolation: Those with TAB often alienate others, or spend too much time on work and focus too little on relationships, putting them at risk for social isolation and the increased stress that comes with it.
Fixed Characteristic vs. Situational Reaction:
While many personality traits, such as extroversion, are innate, most researchers believe that Type A personality characteristics are more of a reaction to environmental factors, or tendencies toward certain behaviors, and are influenced by culture and job structure. For example,
* Many jobs put heavy demands on time, making it necessary for workers to be very concerned with getting things done quickly if they’re to adequately get their jobs done.
* Some workplaces put heavy penalties on mistakes, so efficiency and achievement becomes extremely important.
* Other jobs just create more stress, making people less patient, more stressed, and more prone to 'Type A' behaviors.
* Other people do have a natural tendency toward being more intense, but this tendency can be exacerbated by environmental stress, or mitigated by conscious effort and lifestyle changes.
What Can Be Done for Type A’s:
Fortunately, like traits such as optimism or assertiveness, Type A characteristics can be altered. The following are ways to soften Type A characteristics in yourself, if you possesss them:
Change Your Work Life:
Altering certain factors in your work life to make your job less stressful, more rewarding, and less demanding.
Change Thought Patterns:
With practice, you can alter your thinking patterns to more positive ones, you develop more trust in yourself and in thoses around you, and can soften your type a tendencies.
Fake It Till You Make It:
Sometimes you can ‘act’ your way into new habits. Even if you don’t always feel clam and serene, if you make a conscious choice to try to slow yourself down and be more patient with people, that behavior will most likely become more of a habit and begin to come more easily to you. (Note: it’s not recommended that you become completely detached from awareness of your feelings, or that you keep them bottled up until you eventually explode, but if you focus on making some changes in your behavior in conjunction with some of the following emotion-oriented strategies, you should make more progress, more quickly.)
Start Journaling:
The practice of keeping a journal has many proven benefits for your stress level and overall health. It can also be a helpful practice in softening Type A characteristics, especially if done right. The following are the best ways to use your journal as an instrument of change:
o Keep a record of how many times you lose your temper in a day, treat people rudely, or feel overwhelmed by frustration. Becoming more aware of your tendencies and what triggers reactions in you can be a valuable step in changing your patterns.
o Write about your feelings. This helps you to process them, and takes some of the intensity from them, so you’re less overwhelmed by strong emotions.
o Write about solutions. Solving your problems on paper (rather than obsessing about them in your head) can help you to feel less overwhelmed by them. You can also look back through your journal to remember old ideas on solving new problems.
Face Your Fears:
This may sound crazy, but a good way to work past Type A tendencies is to give yourself an extra dose of what frustrates you in order to show yourself that it’s not so bad. For example, The Doctors Book of Home Remedies II recommends that you pick long lines in the grocery store, just to show yourself that you can survive the frustration of waiting in line for a few extra minutes. (Or, perhaps the threat of having to wait in a longer line will force your subconscious mind to be more patient in one of the shorter lines.)
Make It A Game:
When you’re frustrated on the road, About’s mental health expert recommends that you make a game out of it and “count idiots”. The same can be done for life in general. If you see how many frustrating things you can playfully tally, for example, you’ll almost look forward to people’s quirks.
Breathing Exercises:
The next time you’re about to scream, why not take the deep breath and, instead, just breathe it out? Yes, when you feel you’re about to explode, a few deep, slow breaths can do wonders! Learn these breathing exercises and you’ll have a stress reliever you can use anywhere!
Love Your Pets:
Pets have many stress management and health benefits, and can help provide you with the extra calm you need. Walking a dog can be relaxing and social, get you out into nature (or at least out of the office), and gets you exercise as well! Caring for an animal and receiving its unconditional love can get you in touch with the best parts of your own humanity. Even watching aquarium fish has been known to have a measurable affect on blood pressure! Learn more about pets and stress here.
Gardening:
Getting out into the sunshine, beautifying your yard, and getting back in touch with nature are some of the benefits of gardening. It all adds up to some great stress relief. This tension taming tool can reduce overall stress and learn to take it easy a little more, softening your Type A tendencies.
Is your boss or spouse a Type A personality?
You have to deal with by practicing assertiveness and healthy conflict resolution techniques. This way you can maintain healthier boundaries and keep yourself from being overrun by this person who exhibits strong Type A personality characteristics.
the cluster type of grouping the personality characteristics is as follows:_
Cluster A: Includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality
disorders. People with these disorders often seem odd or eccentric, with
unusual behavior ranging from distrust and suspiciousness to social
detachment.
Cluster B: Includes histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders have in common a
tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic. Their impulsive behavior,
often involving antisocial activities, is more colorful, more forceful, and more
likely to bring them into contact with mental health or legal authorities than
the behaviors characterizing disorders in the first cluster.
Cluster C: Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
personality disorders. In contrast to the other clusters, anxiety and
fearfulness are often part of these disorders, making it difficult in some
cases to distinguish them from anxiety-based disorders. People with these
disorders, because of their anxieties, are more likely to seek help.
Personality Disorder Characteristics
CLUSTER A
Paranoid Suspiciousness and mistrust of others; tendency to see
self as blameless; on guard for perceived attacks by
others
Schizoid Impaired social relationships; inability and lack of desire
to form attachments to others
Schizotypal Peculiar thought patterns; oddities of perception and
speech that interfere with communication and social
interaction
CLUSTER B
Histrionic Self-dramatization; overconcern with attractiveness;
tendency to irritability and temper outbursts if attention
seeking is frustrated
Narcissistic Grandiosity; preoccupation with receiving attention; selfpromoting;
lack of empathy
Antisocial Lack of moral or ethical development; inability to follow
approved models of behavior; deceitfulness; shameless
manipulation of others; history of conduct problems as a
child
Borderline Impulsiveness, inappropriate anger; drastic mood shifts;
chronic feelings of boredom; attempts at self-mutilation
or suicide
CLUSTER C
Avoidant Hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation;
shyness; insecurity in social interaction and initiating
relationships
Dependent Difficulty in separating in relationships; discomfort at
being alone; subordination of needs in order to keep others
involved in a relationship; indecisiveness
Obsessive-compulsive Excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial
details; perfectionistic; lack of expressiveness and warmth;
difficulty in relaxing and having fun
Provisional Categories
Passive-aggressive Negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to adequate
performance expressed through indirect means, such as
complaining, being sullen and argumentative, expressing
envy and resentment toward those who are more
fortunate
Depressive Pervasive depressive cognitions. Persistent unhappiness or
dejection. Feeling of inadequacy, guilt, and self-criticism
IN A NUTSHELL REMOVE THE EMOTIONS PART OF THE ISSUES IN LIFE....WHETHER AT HOME OR OFFICE OR IN SOCIETY OR SOCIAL GATHERINGS....YOU WILL BE STRESS FREE...LOOK AT ONLY THE LOGICAL AND REALITY PART OF THE ISSUES....
i.e in any issue look at 'what is to be done now and later....that is
all...only learn the lessons from the past...do not look at the
losses...look at only the gains...do not get anxiety about future...it
will be a pleasant one...live the present...living for tomorrow....and
tomorrow again living for the next tomorrow....is a waste....what
is the point in making money from 20 to 45 by spoiling health and
spending it to remain alive for few more years in isolation!
THERE
IS NOTHING WORTH ACHIEVING UNDER THE SKY BY SPOILING THE HEALTH AND
HAPPINESS...THE INDIVIDUAL PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS OF PEOPLE MAY BE
DIFFERENT...BUT THE OVERALL BALANCE SHEET OF HAPPINESS IN LIFE REMAINS
THE SAME FOR EVERY ONE!
Bye
rams
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